The Planck Numbers and the Essence of Gravitation: Phenomenology
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, April 2017
Pages:
19-31
Received:
1 March 2017
Accepted:
9 March 2017
Published:
27 March 2017
Abstract: We introduce phenomenological understanding of the electromagnetic component of the physical vacuum, the EM vacuum, as a basic medium for all masses of the expanding Universe, and “Casimir polarization” of this medium arising in the vicinity of any material object in the Universe as a result of conjugation of the electric field components of the EM vacuum on both sides (“external” and “internal”) of atomic nucleus boundary of the each mass with vacuum. It is shown that the gravitational attraction of two material objects in accordance with Newton's law of gravity arises as a result of overlapping of the domains of Casimir polarization of the EM vacuum created by atomic nuclei of the objects, taking into account the long-range gravitational influence of all masses of the Universe on each nucleus of these objects (Mach's idea). Newton's law of gravitational attraction between two bodies is generalized to the case of gravitational interaction of a system of bodies when the center of mass of the pair of bodies shifted relative to the center of mass of the system. The unique smallness of gravitational interactions as compared with the fundamental nuclear (strong and weak) and electromagnetic ones is determined by the ratio of the characteristic size of the domain of Casimir polarization of the EM vacuum in the vicinity of atomic nuclei to the Hubble radius of the Universe.
Abstract: We introduce phenomenological understanding of the electromagnetic component of the physical vacuum, the EM vacuum, as a basic medium for all masses of the expanding Universe, and “Casimir polarization” of this medium arising in the vicinity of any material object in the Universe as a result of conjugation of the electric field components of the EM...
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Ionization Structure of Heavy Metals Due to Charge Transfer for the Case of Oxygen and Nitrogen
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, April 2017
Pages:
32-40
Received:
7 March 2017
Accepted:
17 March 2017
Published:
24 May 2017
Abstract: The main aim of this work is to investigate the effect of charge transfer reaction upon gaseous nebula structure, temperature and recombination coefficients of nitrogen and oxygen. We have been used CLOUDY 90 to determine the ionization structure of nitrogen and oxygen. We have used the abundance of heavy elements relative to hydrogen He = -1.07, C = -3.44, N = -4.07, O = -3.31 and Ne = -3.91. Ionization structure of hydrogen, helium, oxygen and nitrogen, electron temperature and the recombination coefficient are compared with the effective temperatures of 75000 K and 100000 K with the luminosity intensity of 1038 erg s-1. The result revealed that the ionization structures of elements are highly dependent on the transfer of charge and effective temperatures. In addition, we also tabulate the recombination coefficient of nitrogen and oxygen at different states with temperature of 5000 K, 10000 K, 15000 K and 20000 K. This calculation confirms with the results of previous calculation done by different scholars.
Abstract: The main aim of this work is to investigate the effect of charge transfer reaction upon gaseous nebula structure, temperature and recombination coefficients of nitrogen and oxygen. We have been used CLOUDY 90 to determine the ionization structure of nitrogen and oxygen. We have used the abundance of heavy elements relative to hydrogen He = -1.07, C...
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